Summer 2020Summer 2020SightlineSightline Journal of Theatre Technology and DesignJournal of Theatre Technology and DesignResponses to COVID-19:Responses to COVID-19:Precedent for an Unprecedented SituationPrecedent for an Unprecedented SituationAn Unexpected Quick ChangeAn Unexpected Quick ChangeAn Inspector CallsAn Inspector CallsBackstage Mental Health and BlackoutBackstage Mental Health and BlackoutRemembering Alan JacobiRemembering Alan JacobiEnglish National Ballet’s new homeEnglish National Ballet’s new homeCOLLECTIVE STRENGTHIndustry Supporters’ GroupISG member 2020SILVERISG member 2020BRONZEISG member 2020GOLDISG member 2020PLATINUMNimax Theatres Ltd 020 7395 0780 | www.nimaxtheatres.com | general@nimaxtheatres.comSociety of London Theatre 020 7557 6700 | www.solt.co.uk | enquiries@soltukt.co.uk Souvenir Scenic Studios 020 7237 7557 | www.souvenir.co.uk | info@souvenir.co.uk Steeldeck Industries Ltd 020 8692 9721 | www.steeldeckUK.com | sales@steeldeck.co.ukTheatreplan 020 7841 0440 | www.theatreplan.com | info@theatreplan.comTheatre Projects Consultants Ltd 020 7482 4224 | www.theatreprojects.com| uk@theatreprojects.comTheatres Trust 020 7836 8591 | www.theatrestrust.org.uk | info@theatrestrust.org.uk Torpedo Factory Group 01706 849 469 | www.tfg.com | sales@tfg.comTrail Systems +358 (0) 40 517 43 74 | www.trail.fi| contact@trail.fiTysers Entertainment & Sport (formerly Integro)0203 9150 0342 | www.tysersentertainment.com | andy.rudge@tysers.com UK Theatre 020 7557 6700 | www.uktheatre.org | ukt@soltukt.co.ukUnusual Rigging Ltd 01604 830 083 | www.unusual.co.uk | info@unusual.co.ukWhite Light Ltd 020 8254 4800 | www.whitelight.ltd.uk | info@whitelight.ltd.ukA.C. Entertainment Technologies 01494 446 000 | www.ac-et.com | sales@ac-et.com Aluminium Access Products Ltd 01942 514 318 | www.tallescope.co.uk | info@tallescope.co.ukArno Acoustics 07984 727 730 | www.arnoacoustics.com | info@arnoacoustics.com Broadweigh 01395 232020 | www.broadweigh.com | marketing@broadweigh.comCharcoalblue LLP 020 7298 0000 | www.charcoalblue.com | studio@charcoalblue.comDelfont Mackintosh Theatres Ltd 0844 482 5138 | www.delfontmackintosh.co.ukFlint Hire & Supply Ltd 020 7703 9786 | www.flints.co.uk | sales@flints.co.ukHawthorn 01664 821 140 | www.hawthorn.biz | hello@hawthorn.bizHighlite International BV 0031 45 566 7700 | www.highlite.com | info@highlite.comHQ Theatres and Hospitality 020 7406 1740 | www.hqtheatres.com | info@hqtheatres.comJ&C Joel Ltd 01422 833 835 | www.jcjoel.com | sales@jcjoel.comLW Theatres 020 7557 7300 | www.lwtheatres.co.uk | customer.relations@lwtheatres.co.ukNational Theatre 020 7452 3333 | www.nationaltheatre.org.uk | GOLD ISG MEMBERSORIGINALORIGINALProduction Resource Group UK Ltd 0345 470 6400 | www.prg.com/uk | marketinguk@prg.comPLATINUM ISG MEMBERSTAIT International 020 8208 6000 | www.taittowers.com | London@taittowers.comAmbassador Theatre Group Ltd 0207 534 6100 | www.atg.co.ukETC Ltd 020 8896 1000 | www.etcconnect.com | uk@etcconnect.comISG member 2020SILVERISG member 2020BRONZEISG member 2020GOLDISG member 2020ORIGINALORIGINAL8Build 0207 710 4488 | www.8build.co.uk | info@8build.co.ukAbsolute Motion Control Ltd www.absolutemotioncontrol.com | info@absolutemotioncontrol.comAllies & Morrison 020 7921 0239 |www.alliesandmorrison.com | sfraser@alliesandmorrison.comAmbersphere Solutions Ltd 0208 992 6369 | www.ambersphere.co.uk | sales@ambersphere.co.ukArup 020 7636 1531 | www.arup.com/venues | artsandculture@arup.comAutograph Sales & Installations 020 7281 7574 | www.autographsales.co.uk | sales@autograph.co.ukBennetts Associates 020 7520 3300 | www.bennettsassociates.com | mail@bennettsassociates.com Blitz, a GES Company 020 8327 1039 | www.blitzges.com | mhunt@blitzges.comCentre Stage Engineering Ltd 0844 499 6250 | www.centre-stage.co.uk | info@centre-stage.co.ukChauvet Europe Ltd 01773 511 115 | www.chauvetprofessional.eu | uksales@chauvetlighting.comCity Theatrical Ltd 020 8949 5051 | www.citytheatrical.com | London@citytheatrical.comClear-Com 001 510 337 6600 | www.clearcom.com | salessupportemea@clearcom.comDoughty Engineering Ltd 07811 392 270 | www.doughty-engineering.co.uk | sarah@sprandcomms.comDrapemakers 01332 371 710 | www.drapemakers.com | drapes@designservices.co.ukEaton - Zero 88 01923 495 495 | www.eatonlightingsystems.com | lightingcontrolsolutions@eaton.com EM Acoustics 01483 266 520 | www.emacoustics.co.uk | info@emacoustics.co.ukGB4U Ltd 07967 556869 | www.gb4u.uk.com | Matt.lloyd@gb4u.uk.comGerriets GB Ltd 020 7639 7704 | www.gerriets.co.uk | info@gerriets.co.ukHarlequin Floors 01892 514 888 | www.harlequinfloors.com | enquiries@harlequinfloors.comHoist UK 0151 334 7682 | www.hoistuk.com | info@hoistuk.comIgus 01604 677 240 | www.igus.co.uk | sales@igus.co.ukKinesys 020 8481 9850 | www.kinesys.com | sales@kinesys.comLe Mark Group 01480 494 540 | www.lemark.co.uk | info@lemark.co.ukLSI Projects 01483 764 646 I www.lsiprojects.com | info@lsiprojects.comNODA 01733 374 790 | www.noda.org.uk | info@noda.org.ukOrbital 020 7501 6868 | www.orbitalsound.com | information@orbitalsound.comPreevue 020 7078 8892 | www.preevue.com | info@preevue.comPush The Button Ltd 0117 370 2626 | www.PTB.co.uk | hello@PTB.co.ukRoscolab Ltd 020 8659 2300 | www.rosco.com | contact@rosco.comSennheiser UK 01628 402 200 | www.sennheiser.com/mics | info@sennheiser.comSerapid Ltd 01359 233 335 | www.serapid.com | info-uk@serapid.comSES (Entertainment Services) Ltd 01753 585 050 | www.site-electrics.co.uk | sales@site-electrics.co.uk Set Up (Scenery) Ltd 01763 262 323 | www.setupscenery.com | info@setupscenery.comSkelly & Couch Ltd 020 7424 7770 | www.skellyandcouch.com | admin@skellyandcouch.comThe Fire Surgery Ltd 020 7921 0220 | www.thefiresurgery.com | andrew.nicholson@thefiresurgery.comThe Powerdrive Drum Co. Ltd 01525 370 292 | www.mypowerdrive.com | info@mypowerdrive.comTotal Solutions Group 0121 772 5234 | www.trussing.com | info@trussing.com Trafalgar Entertainment Group 020 7321 5400 | www.trafalgarentertainment.com | trafalgarmanagement@trafalgarentertainment.comTriple E Ltd 01959 570 333 | www.3-eee.com | info@3-eee.comVari-Lite Strand +31 (0) 543 542 531 | www.vari-lite.com / www.strandlighting.com| entertainment.europe@signify.com Voluntary Arts 02920 395 395 | www.voluntaryarts.org | info@voluntaryarts.org Allies and MorrisonSILVER ISG MEMBERS10K Used Gear Limited 020 8308 9566 | www.10Kused.com | info@10Kused.com 1stintheatre Ltd 0333 335 0374 | www.1stintheatre.co.uk | info@1stintheatre.co.uk AECOM 020 7061 7000 | www.aecom.com | John.burgess@aecom.comAedas Arts Team 020 7480 1500 | www.aedas.com/aedasartsteam | artsteam@aedas.comAnderson Bradshaw Ltd 07544 095620 | michael@abltd.orgArtistic Licence Engineering Ltd 020 8863 4515 | www.artisticlicence.com | sales@artisticlicence.comAudio Light Systems Ltd 0800 043 4600 | www.audiolightsystems.com | enquiry@audiolightsystems.comAvison Young 020 7911 2265 | www.avisonyoung.co.uk | mike.cook@avisonyoung.comAVW Controls Ltd 01379 898 340 | www.avw.co.uk | info@avw.co.ukBlack Cat Music & Acoustics 01892 619 719 | www.blackcatmusic.co.uk | sales@blackcatmusic.co.ukBlue Chilli Flying 01234 780 180 | www.bluechilliflying.com | info@bluechilliflying.comBuroHappold Engineering 01225 320 600 | www.burohappold.com | jennifer.phillips@BuroHappold.comBurrell Foley Fischer LLP 020 7620 6114 | www.bff-architects.com | mail@bff-architects.co.ukCamstage 01727 830 151| www.camstage.com | sales-team@camstage.com Carr & Angier 01225 446 664 | www.carrandangier.co.uk | info@carrandangier.co.ukCentral Theatre Supplies 0121 778 6400 | www.centraltheatresupplies.co.uk | enquiries@centraltheatresupplies.co.ukClark Door Ltd 01228 522 321 | www.clarkdoor.com | sales@clarkdoor.comConisbee 020 7700 6666 | www.conisbee.co.uk | design@conisbee.co.uk CWS Lifting and Safety Ltd0117 941 5306 | www.cwslifting.co.uk | sales@cwslifting.co.ukd&b audiotechnik GB Ltd 01453 835 884 | www.dbaudio.com | info.gb@dbaudio.comDrama By Design 0845 644 3846 | www.dramabydesign.com | info@dramabydesign.comDurham Scenic Workshops 0191 371 9238 | www.durhamscenicworkshops.co.uk | info@durhamscenicworkshops.co.ukEnlightened 01179 727 123 | www.enlx.co.uk | info@enlx.co.ukEquals 020 7580 3360 | www.equalsconsulting.com | mail@equalsconsulting.comFinch Consulting (Health & Safety) 07527 002 689 | www.finch-consulting.com | Melvin.Sandell@finch-consulting.comFlashlight Ltd 01706 625 866 | www.flash-light.co.uk | sales@flash-light.co.ukFoster Wilson Architects 020 7354 1315 | www.fosterwilsonarchitects.com | mail@fosterwilsonarchitects.comGDS (Global Design Solutions) 0117 325 0063| www.gds.uk.com | sales@gds.uk.comGillieron Scott Acoustic Design 020 8671 2223 | www.gsacoustics.org | info@gsacoustics.orgGoboPlus 020 3603 1335 | www.goboplus.com | enquiries@goboplus.comGort Services 01706 849 295 | www.gorts.co.uk | sales@gorts.co.ukHarkness Screens (UK) Ltd 01438 725 200 | www.harkness-screens.com | sales@harkness-screens.comHarper Tackley Consultants 07976 279 701 | www.harpertackley.com | simon@harpertackley.comHaworth Tompkins 020 7250 3225 | www.haworthtompkins.com | info@haworthtompkins.comHayles and Howe Ltd 0117 972 7200 | www.haylesandhowe.co.uk | info@haylesandhowe.co.ukHOAC Schweisstechnik GmbH +49 (0) 2841 90828-0 | www.hoac.com | info@hoac.comHoward Eaton Lighting Ltd 01273 400 670 | www.helluk.com | info@helluk.comIDIBRI 024 7667 3645 | www.idibri.com | contact@idibri.comIlluminate Design 01206 709 694 | www.illuminatedesign.co.uk | info@illuminatedesign.co.ukJohn Young Creative Industries 01252 711816 | www.jyci.co.uk | johnyoung@jyci.co.ukJSN Production Services Ltd 079 6183 9411 | www.facebook.com/jsnproductionserviceltd | jsnproductionservices@gmail.comJust Rigging & Inspections Ltd 01244 678 324 | www.just-rigging.com | enquiries@just-rigging.comLee Filters 01264 366 245 I www.leefilters.com | marketing@leefilters.comLevitt Bernstein 020 7275 7676 I www.levittbernstein.co.uk | hello@levittbernstein.co.ukLocker and Riley Fibrous Plastering Ltd 01245 322 022 | www.lockerandriley.com | enquiries@lockerandriley.comMayr Transmissions Ltd 01535 663 900 | www.mayr.com | sales@mayr.co.ukMDG FOG UK 01604 741 000 | www.mdgfoguk.com contact@mdgfoguk.comMultistage International Ltd 01284 750 474 | www.multistage.co.uk | info@multistage.co.ukMushroom Lighting 01604 790 900 | www.mushroomlighting.com | info@mushroomlighting.comNorthern Light 0131 622 9100 | www.northernlight.co.uk | info@northernlight.co.ukOtago Blue Ltd 01837 54059 | www.otagoblue.co.uk | info@otagoblue.co.ukPlann Ltd 020 3846 9230 | www.plann.co | Julia@plann.coPress Red Rentals Ltd 01952 587 049 | www.pressred.biz | rentals@pressred.bizProduction Safety Ltd 07973 159 402 | www.productionsafety.co.uk | mail@productionsafety.co.ukPulse Consult 0121 389 8658 | www.pulseconsult.co.uk | enquiries@pulseconsult.co.ukRB Health and Safety Solutions Ltd 0845 257 1489 | www.rbhealthandsafety.co.uk | admin@rbhealthandsafety.co.ukRigging Services Direct Ltd 0845 555 6575 | www.riggingservices.co.uk | info@riggingservices.co.ukRigging Team Ltd 020 3126 4040 | www.riggingteam.com | office@riggingteam.comRobolights Ltd 01392 823 040 | www.robolights.com | sales@robolights.comRope Assemblies Ltd 01777 700714 | www.ropeassemblies.co.uk | sales@ropeassemblies.co.ukSansei Technologies Inc. 0081 6 6393 5621 | www.sansei-technologies.com/eng | www.sansei-technologies.com/eng/contactSlingco Ltd 01706 855 558 | www.thecablenet.net | sales@thecablenet.netSolutions on Stage 0117 244 8625 | www.solutionsonstage.co.uk | enquries@solutiononstage.co.ukSound Space Vision 020 8877 5860 | www.soundspacevision.com | SSV@soundspacevision.com Stage Electrics 03330 142 102 | www.stage-electrics.co.uk | sales@stage-electrics.co.uk Theatretech 01935 882 828 | www.theatretech.net | info@theatretech.netWe are Blueshed 01353 723750 | www.weareblueshed.co.uk | hire@weareblueshed.co.ukBRONZE ISG MEMBERSCOLLECTIVE STRENGTHIndustry Supporters’ Group Association of British Theatre Technicians55 Farringdon Road, London EC1M 3JBTel: 020 7242 9200 Fax: 020 7242 9303Email: office@abtt.org.uk Website: www.abtt.org.ukOFFICERS & COUNCILRichard Bunn ChairmanLouise Birchall Mig Burgess David Evans Andy Franks Matthew Freeman Co-optedDarren Joyce Peter Maccoy Ben Mills Co-optedPaul Moore Co-optedAnette OllerearnshawTamykha Patterson Co-optedCaroline RouseNikki ScottEmma WilsonJohn YoungEX OFFICIO MEMBERS OF COUNCILMichael AndersonChairman, Safety CommitteeSebastian Barnes Chairman, Training & Education Comm.Tim FosterChairman, Theatre Design Comm.Roger FoxChairman, Historical Research Comm.Jean Shevelan Chairman, NorthNet – CommMark White Chairman, Communications and Publications CommitteeRoger Fox Company SecretaryMatthew Jones Honorary SecretaryLoretta Tomasi Honorary TreasurerSTAFFRobin Townley Chief Executive Officer (CEO)Elysia Moore Association Co-ordinatorStuart Roberts Financial ControllerCONSULTANTGeoffrey Joyce ABTT Training Co-ordinatorRegistered Charity 282069SightlineCONTENTSvol. 43 no. 2Editorial 7Precedent for an Unprecedented Situation 8Modern Theatres – Harbin Opera House, Dubai Opera and Boulez Saal 14The Queen’s revisited again and again and again 20Performing Arts in Higher Education – An Unexpected Quick Change 22Remembering Alan Jacobi 26English National Ballet’s new home 28Book Review – On Being a Lighting Designer 31Peter Roberts – Olivier Awards, Special Recognition Winner 32Letter to the Editor 33UK Live Performance Production Climate Declaration 34An Inspector Calls 35Backstage Mental Health and Blackout 39Theatre Buildings – A Design Guide 42Powered Door Safety 43Young Associates page 45Technical Standards 47Members News 50Safety Matters 51Editor Rebecca MorlandPublisher John Offord Entertainment Technology Press Ltd The Studio, High Green, Great Shelford Cambridge, Cambs CB22 5EGTel: 01223 550805 Fax: 01223 550806Advertising enquiries should be sent to john@etnow.comSightline is published in March, June, September and December. Copies are sent to ABTT members as a benefit of membership. Current and past copies are also available via the ABTT website www.abtt.org.uk/shop at a cost of £5.00 (ABTT members) or £10.00 (non-Members).Opinions expressed in Sightline are not necessarily those of the Publisher or the Association of British Theatre Technicians. All rights are reserved and reproduction of any part in whatever form is prohibited without the prior permission of the ABTT and/or the Publisher. Information is published in good faith but no responsibility can be attached to the Publisher or to the Association or to any of their members or employees for the accuracy or for any liability arising therefrom. ISSN: 0265-9808 Cover photo: Main Production Studio, English National Ballet. © Hufton + CrowDims LED close to zero!For smooth fades with dimmable replacement LED, CFL or incandescent sourcesTrailing edge mains dimmersunDial quad yDMX512/RDM/Xicato controlled y4-channels, 1kW total yEditable dimming curve per output yAutomatic heat & current management yPreset, data loss and test modes yCAT III rated - install directly into DBs yGenerator tolerant design yDIN Rail or surface mountwww.ArtisticLicence.comat www.taylor-phillips.co.ukcandidates...Register now!Head of Technical ServicesT-PTaylor-PhillipsRecruitment Consultants to the Entertainment Industryat www.taylor-phillips.co.ukcandidates...Register now!Recruitment Consultants to at www.taylor-phillips.co.ukcandidates...Register now!t: 01223 55 08 09e: andrew@taylor-phillips.co.ukT-PTaylor-PhillipsRecruitment Consultants to the Entertainment Industryt: 01223 55 08 09e: andrew@taylor-phillips.co.ukT-PTaylor-PhillipsRecruitment Consultants to the Entertainment IndustrySpecialising in jobs for the Entertainment Technology sectorWelcome to Taylor-Phillips Recruitment ConsultantsTaylor-Phillips is exclusively tailored for the entertainment technology industry We understand the market!Which means that we only place candidates in jobs that the employee will find rewarding and the employer will find professionally undertaken.We understand the business!We usually get it right first time – saving you time and resources. Whoever you are, let Taylor-Phillips help you find what you are looking for!Sightline Summer 2020 7 EditorialWell, it has been a unique and fast-changing few months since the last issue of Sightline. The time it takes to produce and distribute a magazine which only comes out quarterly makes it hard to be timely at the best of times, but between signing off the last edition, and it arriving on our doorsteps, the entire world – and our industry – had changed dramatically. And we are now in a period of exceptional uncertainty, with – at the time of writing – no real end in sight.It would be a brave person who forecasts what the longer term impact of COVID-19 might be on the theatre industry, but Byron Harrison has done exactly that, finding interesting parallels from the Spanish Flu outbreak of 1918 and, closer in time, the SARS outbreak of 2003. I’m sure he’d want me to point out that he handed in the article on 4th May, and therefore there is a reasonable chance that by the time Sightline arrives on your doorstep the goalposts might well have moved again. In addition, Alan Lynagh, in another of his series of articles, An Inspector Calls, has gone into considerable detail about the practical implications that would result from trying to manage social distancing within theatre buildings. Comments and feedback on both articles would be very welcome, and will be published in the next edition. The Higher Education (HE) sector has had its own particular challenges in recent months, and the impact on its theatre technical training provision has been quite considerable. Anette Ollerearnshaw is undertaking research over the next 6 months on this, and will be reporting back over several editions of Sightline. Her first article brings us up to date on how a range of colleges and conservatoires in the UK and further afield have risen to the challenge of changing their entire teaching method in a very short period of time.It has been something of a loss not being able to visit any theatres during the period leading up to this edition, but we are lucky to have access to Modern Theatres – the soon to be published book on 20th Century theatres, edited by David Staples. In this edition, we come right up to date with short pieces on theatres built within the last 10 years. We were also lucky enough to have access to photos and information about the wonderful new home of English National Ballet on London City Island. We also hear from Iain Mackintosh, who muses on theatre capacity with particular reference to the Sondheim Theatre – a piece that was inspired by Julian Middleton’s article on its refurbishment in the previous edition of Sightline. A response to Jonathan Brown’s article on the early days of ABTT training, also inspired additional memories from Skip Mort, which are also included. Theatre is, of course, as much about people as buildings, and this edition demonstrates this in several ways. Alan Jacobi’s recent death elicited a number of lovely memories from other ABTT Fellows, which they were kind enough to let us share with a wider readership. We also celebrate the career of ABTT fellow, and “unsung hero” Peter Roberts. It was also very interesting (and perhaps timely) to hear from Mig Burgess, who has been advocating for improved mental health awareness in technical theatre. The recent research into backstage mental health that was supported by the ABTT and other technical associations showed worryingly high levels of mental health problems within the industry, and made a series of recommendations. And, finally, congratulations are in order to three of the ABTT’s Industry Supporters Group members who were awarded Queens Awards to Enterprise recently. As well as Clark Door Ltd (who feature in this edition, courtesy of an article on Powered Door Safety, written by Peter Ansell), Awards also went to Slingco Ltd, and to Charcoalblue LLP. I’m sorry that I won’t be seeing any of you at the ABTT Show this year – as looking forward to doing so is usually how I sign off the editorial for Summer Sightline However, I very much hope there will be other opportunities in the not too distant future to meet in reality, not digitally. In the meantime, stay safe, and please do get in touch if you have anything you would like to contribute to future editions. Rebecca MorlandEditorsightline@abtt.org.uk 8 Sightline Summer 2020As venues across Europe, the UK, and North America were announcing closures due to the COVID-19 outbreak during the second week of March, the anxiety within the performing arts community was real and justified. The potential magnitude of impact on the arts sector, from my perspective living in Hong Kong, had already become apparent, however, as venues here had been closed for over six weeks. Even as a newcomer to this city, I could observe (and benefit from) the collective experience and lessons of SARS in 2003. And so, I began to bristle at words like “unprecedented” and phrases like “uncharted territory.” A refusal to look across cultural lines and to deny guidance from history would only allow us to repeat mistakes. Precedent for an Unprecedented Situation“On Thursday, the governor ordered Broadway’s theatres – which played through war and the 1918 Spanish flu – to close down as he forbade gatherings of more than 500 people.from New York City to close America’s biggest school system, by Joshua Chaffin, Financial Times, 17 March 2020I began to enquire into the effects and lessons learned from the so-called “Spanish” flu which ravaged the world between 1918 and 1920. Broadway theatres not shutting down in 1918 was being used to scale the response to COVID-19, often ignoring the nationwide and international response. Public entertainment Byron HarrisonPrecedent for an Unprecedented Situationwas widely closed in London and elsewhere in the UK. Blanket closure of venues occurred in almost every city in the US. As an American, I was tuned to some excellent research and journalism on history of decisive (and sometimes greatly differing) responses from cities across the country, notably the slow response in Philadelphia and its disastrous effects, and the comparatively quick response in St Louis.“The present calamity of the influenza plague which inspired the authorities to this action calls for drastic treatment, and through we regret exceedingly the deprivation which this suspension inflicts upon so many working under us, there is only cheerful compliance with orders to be considered.“We adhere to our belief expressed to the officials of the Board of Health that the theatre is the least harmful of all places of gathering, and claim that the providing of amusements for the people would appear to be most necessary in these threatening times that portend panicky conditions.From a joint statement by the Association of Theatre Managers of Boston and Motion Picture Exhibitors of Massachusetts, 26 September 1918.With less understanding of the science of infectious disease than we have now, governments in 1918 arrived at generally the same policy prescriptions as those today: reducing crowding and modifying personal 1918 US Theatre ClosuresCourtesy of CharcoalblueBostonWashington DCOmahaSeattleLouisvilleNewarkKansas CityBirminghamSt LouisBaltimoreAlbanyColumbusMinneapolisBuffaloLos AngelesCincinnatiClevelandChicagoDenverSan FranciscoOaklandDetroitNext >